These criteria were originally published on January 12, 2015, and now updated to include the modified and new criteria developed over the course of analyzing 295 films over the past 16 months. The “dead mother” issue has been slightly tweaked, and I’ve added a section about women cast as mothers to offspring they would have been too young to have given birth to. These tweaked and new criteria would not have altered any of the WATW ratings I’ve done, because they were taken into account in those ratings as Wildcard factors. But they cropped up often enough that I thought they deserved to be regular parts of the rating criteria.
It is my hope that others — critics, fans, teachers, and filmmakers themselves — will continue to use these criteria as a way to analyze how women are represented onscreen. Perhaps one day the representation of women will improve to the point where these criteria are no longer useful for their intended purpose.
I crunched numbers on the 153 films that opened in wide release in the United States between December 25, 2014, and December 18, 2015. Get an introduction to this analysis here. You can examine a comprehensive spreadsheet of the details about these 153 films here.
Could the protagonist have been female without significantly impacting the film as a whole? (for a film with a male protagonist) [why this matters]
+10
Is there a female character with significant screen time who grows, changes, and/or learns something over the course of the story? (for an ensemble cast, or a film with a male protagonist) [why this matters]
Is there a female character (either a protagonist or a supporting character with significant screen time) in a position of authority (politics, law, medicine, etc.)? [why this matters]
-5
Is her authority presented as having a negative impact on her life? [why this matters]
Is there a woman who is kidnapped (either onscreen or off) whose kidnap motivates a male protagonist? [why this matters]
-5
Is there a woman who is raped (either onscreen or off) whose rape motivates a male protagonist? [why this matters]
-5
Is there a woman who dies (either onscreen or off) whose death motivates a male protagonist? [why this matters]
-10
Is there more than one woman who is kidnapped and/or raped and/or killed in order to motivate a male protagonist? [why this matters]
[no significant representation of women in authority]
THE MALE GAZE SCORE:+0-0
-5
Is there a female character with significant screen time who dresses less appropriately for the environment than her male counterparts do? [why this matters]
Is there a female character whose primary goal is romantic (to get married, enter into a longterm relationship with a man, etc)? [why this matters]
+6
Is the object or potential object of her affection and attraction a woman or women? [why this matters]
-5
Is there a female character whose primary goal is to become a mother? [why this matters]
-5
Is there a female character who is primarily defined by her emotional and/or sexual relationship with a man or men? [why this matters]
-5
Is there a female character who is primarily defined by her emotional or biological relationship with a child or children? [why this matters]
-3
Is a dead (or otherwise absent) mother mentioned? [why this matters]
+3
Is a dead (or otherwise absent) father also mentioned? [why this matters]
-3
Is a dead (or otherwise absent) wife mentioned (who is not also mentioned as a dead or absent mother)? [why this matters]
-3
Is more than one dead (or otherwise absent) mother or wife mentioned (that is, different women, not the same woman absent from multiple roles)? [why this matters]
-10
Does a man police or attempt to police a woman’s sexual agency? [why this matters]
+10
Is he rebuked for it, either directly (by a character onscreen) or indirectly (by how it is depicted)? [why this matters]
-10
Is there a female character who is sexually manipulated or abused by a male protagonist as a way to advance his story? [why this matters]
-5
Is a woman paired romantically with a man old enough to be her father? [why this matters]
Is a woman paired as a mother to biological offspring (either children or adult) she’s too young to have given birth to? [why this matters]
+5
Does her role (if mother to adult children) include significant flashbacks to a time when her offspring were still children, requiring that the role was cast with a young woman? [why this matters]
+2
Does her role (if mother to adult children) include insignificant flashbacks to a time when her offspring were still children, perhaps (but not necessarily) requiring that the role was cast with a young woman? [why this matters]
+5
Does the story deal, in either theme or plot, with the ramifications of motherhood at too young an age? [why this matters]
Is there anything either positive or negative in the film’s representation of women not already accounted for here? (points will vary)
TEXT
No.
TOTAL SCORE:+0-0
IS THE FILM’S DIRECTOR FEMALE? Yes (NAME) / No (does not impact scoring)
IS THE FILM’S SCREENWRITER FEMALE? Yes (NAME) / No (does not impact scoring)
BOTTOM LINE: [some brief comments here]
NOTE: This is not a “review” of TITLE! It is simply an examination of how well or how poorly it represents women. (A movie that represents women well can still be a terrible film; a movie that represents women poorly can still be a great film.) Read my review of TITLE.
See the full rating criteria. (Criteria that do not apply to this film have been deleted in this rating for maximum readability.)
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amanohyo
Tue, Jan 13, 2015 9:55am
Thanks again for taking the time to do all of this! It’ll be interesting to see what the average score turns out to be. I really like the inclusion of the “why does this matter links” and the tabs for each group.
Cosmetically speaking, the tabs aren’t as eye catching or inviting as they could be (yes, I see the irony of criticizing the appearance rather than the content). It also feels redundant to display the category name twice more below the tab. For example, below the “The Male Gaze” tab, one would read: “The Male Gaze… The Male Gaze Score.” If the selected tab was more prominent, there would be no need to remind the reader which section/score they were viewing.
Similarly, the most important part of the score tab is your Bottom Line summary which gets somewhat lost below all of the information above it. I understand the desire to place the summary at the end, but if the director/screenwriter questions and the total score were moved below the “Bottom Line” section, it might flow a little better.
Unfortunately, I don’t know the answer to the most important appearance related question: “How does it look on an iphone screen?” When it comes to content and overall structure though, everything sounds and looks great. Thank you for listening to all of our suggestions!
Moving the total score necessitating moving the wildcard section, which now has its own tab.
Anna
Sat, Jan 02, 2016 1:39am
Your rating system seems to imply that the more masculine-identified a female character is, the more legitimate she is. There is nothing wrong with women being mothers, sex symbols, prostitutes, etc., because these roles are a reality for a lot of women. What matters more is the point of view taken about these characters. There are many ways to write female characters, and even nudity is not always a red flag when it’s done as part of a woman’s story and from her point of view. I love stories about women who are in compromised positions because of their gender, because there are too few stories about the reality of being a woman. Most women for instance are going to have some part of their lives compromised by their gender, and if some of those women become villains it’s going to be gender-specific. Taking away the specificity of gender takes way the reality of women’s lives, because we do NOT live in a gender-free vacuum.
I don’t think you and MaryAnn disagree on this; her ratings system is more nuanced than it might seem at first glance. For an example of how it works in a film where a woman is (as you say) in a compromised position because of her gender, take a look at her “Where Are the Women?” analysis of Room.
Thanks again for taking the time to do all of this! It’ll be interesting to see what the average score turns out to be. I really like the inclusion of the “why does this matter links” and the tabs for each group.
Cosmetically speaking, the tabs aren’t as eye catching or inviting as they could be (yes, I see the irony of criticizing the appearance rather than the content). It also feels redundant to display the category name twice more below the tab. For example, below the “The Male Gaze” tab, one would read: “The Male Gaze… The Male Gaze Score.” If the selected tab was more prominent, there would be no need to remind the reader which section/score they were viewing.
Similarly, the most important part of the score tab is your Bottom Line summary which gets somewhat lost below all of the information above it. I understand the desire to place the summary at the end, but if the director/screenwriter questions and the total score were moved below the “Bottom Line” section, it might flow a little better.
Unfortunately, I don’t know the answer to the most important appearance related question: “How does it look on an iphone screen?” When it comes to content and overall structure though, everything sounds and looks great. Thank you for listening to all of our suggestions!
That’s probably true, but as a nondesigner and nonprogramming, I’m stuck with the ready-made options available.
I tried putting the full section names in the tabs, but it made them too long, turned a line, and was really ugly.
But, I’m going to move the section scores up to the top of each tab, so as not to repeat the section name again.
I’ll try that and see how it looks.
Thanks again for all your input. It’s been most helpful.
Moving the total score necessitating moving the wildcard section, which now has its own tab.
Your rating system seems to imply that the more masculine-identified a female character is, the more legitimate she is. There is nothing wrong with women being mothers, sex symbols, prostitutes, etc., because these roles are a reality for a lot of women. What matters more is the point of view taken about these characters. There are many ways to write female characters, and even nudity is not always a red flag when it’s done as part of a woman’s story and from her point of view. I love stories about women who are in compromised positions because of their gender, because there are too few stories about the reality of being a woman. Most women for instance are going to have some part of their lives compromised by their gender, and if some of those women become villains it’s going to be gender-specific. Taking away the specificity of gender takes way the reality of women’s lives, because we do NOT live in a gender-free vacuum.
What matters is when women onscreen are only these things, and only in support of male protagonists. Which they most often are. That’s the problem.
I don’t think you and MaryAnn disagree on this; her ratings system is more nuanced than it might seem at first glance. For an example of how it works in a film where a woman is (as you say) in a compromised position because of her gender, take a look at her “Where Are the Women?” analysis of Room.
https://www.flickfilosopher.com/2015/10/where-are-the-women-room.html